鋁及鋁合金的釬焊
時(shí)間：2019-12-26 16:26:45 作者：小編 點(diǎn)擊：次
<p>鋁及鋁合金的釬焊的工藝應(yīng)用，沈陽北真真空是一家專業(yè)的<a href="http://csaprints.com/">真空爐</a>生產(chǎn)廠家，專業(yè)制造真空釬焊爐，完善的售后為您解決一切真空爐問題，聯(lián)系電話：13998872066<br/><br/>概述 Introduction</p><hr style="height: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin: 0px; color: rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Simsun, Arial; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"/><ul style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Simsun, Arial; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>鋁及其合金由于密度小，熱導(dǎo)率和電導(dǎo)率高(僅列于Ag、Cu、Au之后），在近代工業(yè)材料中占 有獨(dú)特的地位。在人造衛(wèi)星、火箭、導(dǎo)彈、微波元 件、飛機(jī)或地面雷達(dá)天線、汽車水箱或空調(diào)散熱器 等的制造上，為了減輕重量，降低能耗，提高效率 和增強(qiáng)機(jī)動(dòng)性都竭盡可能地以鋁代銅，甚至代鋼。 能否取代的關(guān)鍵在丁?鋁及其合金的焊接，而焊接之 精密者首推釬焊。</p></li><li><p>鋁及其合金較之其他合金難于釬焊之處，在于 其表面有一層極為致密的氧化膜。這層氧化膜的性 質(zhì)非常穩(wěn)定，能夠充分抵抗大氣的侵蝕，它又能在 舊膜被破壞時(shí)隨時(shí)生成新膜。鋁的化學(xué)性質(zhì)非常活 潑，正是這層隨時(shí)生成的氧化膜的保護(hù)，才使得鋁 及其合金有可能成為今日的重要材料。也有辦法能徹底破壞這層膜，例如在鋁上滴一滴HgCl2溶液或 放上一些金屬汞，用砂布摩擦使生成鋁汞齊，鋁表 面上液態(tài)的Al-Mg合金會(huì)使氧化膜不能保持完整致密，這時(shí)可以明顯看到它能和水反應(yīng)放出氫氣。成 塊的鋁及其合金，在潮濕情況下一夜間會(huì)化為絨毛 狀的A1(0H),。鋁及其合金釬焊時(shí)需要破壞這層 膜，否則熔化的釬料不能與母材潤濕；焊后又需要 維持保護(hù)膜的完整，否則接頭將會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的腐蝕。</p></li></ul><p>1. 鍋及鑰合金的編號Designations of Aluminum and its Alloys</p><ul style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Simsun, Arial; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>純鋁的延展性優(yōu)良佴強(qiáng)度不高，加人Mn、 Mg、Cu, Si、Cr等金屬制成合金后各種性能有特 殊的改善。有的經(jīng)熱處理后可以得到很高的強(qiáng)度， 甚至可以和某些特種鋼媲美。合金分類如下：(JIS)基本上采用的是美國的表示方法。</p></li><li><p>世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家的鋁合金大都有自己的牌號和成分，約半數(shù)可以互相對比，成分也不完全相同。 有相當(dāng)數(shù)童的鋁合金屬于獨(dú)自發(fā)展的品種，別國沒有相應(yīng)的合金。我國舊的編號（GB)⑴以LX代表 工業(yè)純鋁，X為數(shù)字1~6,數(shù)字越小純度越高，由U至L6，純度由99. 7%至99. 8%。用LGX代 表髙純鋁，X為0~4, X越大純度越高，由LG1 至LG5,純度由99. 85%至99. 99%。防銹鋁（LF 系列）為Al-Mn及Al-Mg系合金，硬鋁（LY系 列）為Al-Cu-Mg系合金，鍛鋁（LD系列）為A1- Mg-Si和Al-Mg-Si-Cu系合金，超硬培(LC系列） 為Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系列合金。表2-1列出了不同國家 合金牌號的對照⑺。從中可以看出合金的大概組 成。在世界各國的牌號中，徳國、意大利、瑞士、 比利時(shí)、瑞典和荷蘭等國采取類似國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(huì) 的表示方法，其他諸國則采取自C的編號。日本表2-1不同國家合金牌號的對照</p></li></ul><div><p>Table 2-1 Some comparison examples of aluminum alloys designation for different countries</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>類別</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>中國GB<br/>新（舊）</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>美國<br/>AA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>俄國<br/>rocT</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 化組織ISO</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>純鋁</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1A90 (LG2) 1A85 (LG1) —(L1) 1A50 (LB2) —(L5-1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1090<br/>1080<br/>1070<br/>1050<br/>1100</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AB1<br/>AB2<br/>A00<br/>A5<br/>A2</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A199.8<br/>A199.7<br/>A199. 0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>防銹鋁</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>5A02 (LK2) 5A03 (LF3) 5A05 (LF5) 3A21 (LF21)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>5052<br/>5154<br/>5046<br/>3003</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AMr<br/>AMr3<br/>AMr5<br/>AMU</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlMg2.5<br/>AlMg3<br/>AlMg5<br/>AlMnlCu</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>硬鋁</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A01 (LY1)<br/>2 All (LY11) 2A12 (LY12)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2117<br/>2017<br/>2024</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>Ani8n<br/>Ani<br/>Ani6</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlCu2. 5 Mg AlCu4MgSi AlCu4Mgl</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>類別</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>屮國GB 新(舊)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>美國<br/>AA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>俄國<br/>rocr</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 化紺織iso</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>鍛鋁</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6061 (LD30) 6063 (LD31) 2A70 (LD7) 2A14 (LD10)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6061<br/>6063<br/>2618<br/>2014</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AITO<br/>AI131<br/>AK4-1<br/>AK8</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlMgSiCu<br/>AlMgSi<br/>AlCi?4SiMg</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>超硬鋁</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>7A09 (LC9)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>7075</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>一</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlZn5.5MgCu</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>特殊鋁</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4A01 (LT1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4043</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AK</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlSi5</p></td></tr></tbody></table><br/><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/uploads/allimg/20220305/1-220305162I51E.jpg"/></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>1972年12月由18個(gè)國家簽約制定了變形鋁及 鋁合金國際牌兮命名體系。這個(gè)體系基本上是以美國鋁業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)（AA)命名法為基礎(chǔ)，即四位數(shù)字體 系。第一位數(shù)字代表主要添加的合金元素：1 x x x為尤添加，即為純鋁；2xxx為Cu;3xxx 為 Mn; 4 x x x 為 Si; 5 x x x 為 Mg; 6 x x X 為 Mg + Si; 7 x x x為Zn; 8 x x x為其他元素。第 二位代表合金改型狀況：0為原型，1 均為改 型。第二位、四位為合金的識別號，無特殊意義。 國際間與AA相似成分的合金則在四位數(shù)后加綴英 文大寫宇母（除I、0、Q外）來識別。我國鋁合金牌號的命名已經(jīng)向這個(gè)體系靠垅，有的直接引用，有的在四位數(shù)后加英文字母后綴。與AA相差較遠(yuǎn)的合金，則除第一位數(shù)字保持共同的規(guī)則以 外，第二位改用英文大寫字母而不用數(shù)字，例如 LY1 改為 2A01，LY12 改為 2A12，LF2 改為 5A02， LF10改為5B05等⑴。</li></ul><p>2.鋁及鋁合金的埋化性能Physi- cal and Chemical Properties of Aluminum and its Alloys</p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>純鋁的密度小，只有2.7fr/Cin3,與銅（8.9g/ cm3)或鐵（7.9g/cm3)比較，只是二者的1/3。 鋁的電附率為2. 61 pil ? cm,在所有低電阻率的金 屬中排在銀(1.47^11 ? cm),鋼(1.58jiH ? cm) 和金（lOlpil . cm)之后，居第四位。僅此兩項(xiàng) 就足以表明鋁在金屬材料中之獨(dú)特地位。鋁的物理 性能見表2-2。鋁合金一些重要的和釬焊工藝有關(guān) 的性能見表2-3。表2-3中列出各合金的特性都以 美國合金編號AA排序，盡量列出合金成分與之相 當(dāng)?shù)腉B牌號以供參考u</p></li></ul><p>Table 2-2 Physical properties of aluminum</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>14 # (</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>尚純度鋁1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>IP通純度鋁</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.9%%)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>(99.5%)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>原子序數(shù)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>13</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>相對原子質(zhì)童</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>26.97</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>20弋時(shí)晶格常數(shù)（凼心立方晶 格)/nm</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.40413</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.404</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>密度（20尤）/(g/on3)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.689</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.70</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>密度(70(rC)/(g/Cm3)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.373</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>熔點(diǎn)/T</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>660.2</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>-655</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>沸點(diǎn)/尤</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2060</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>線脹系數(shù)（20 ~ 100T)/ io_6<c -1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24.58</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>23.5</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>線脹系數(shù)（100 ~ 3001)/ \0'6X. ?'</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>25.45</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>25.6</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>凝固收縮（體積）（％)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6.6</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>比熱 100t：/(J/g)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.9305</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.9601</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>熔融潛熱/(J/g)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>395.4</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>388.7</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>燃燒熱/(J/g)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>30.88</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>30.93</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>熱導(dǎo)率⑵^：)/!^/…!!！.^)]</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.215</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>電導(dǎo)率（對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)銅）（％)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>64.94</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>60<br/>(退火材料)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>比阻抗20*^/^ ? cm</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.6548</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.922</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>阻抗的溫度系數(shù)/(10_3/*0</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.2</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>反射率 A = 250nm( % )</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>.一</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>87</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>反射率 A = 500nm( % )</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>90</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>反射率 A =2000nm(%)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>.—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>97</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br/>表2-3鋁合金一些重要的與釬焊有關(guān)的性能Table 2-3 Properties of some important aluminum alloys concerning with brazing and soldering</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td colspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>合金代號</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>特征合金元素<br/>(質(zhì)鎩分?jǐn)?shù)，％)</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>固相線一液相線<br/>/X.</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>抗拉強(qiáng) 度/MPa</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>屈服強(qiáng) 度/MPa</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>仲長<br/>率<br/>(%)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>耐</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>釬ft</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>I<br/>狀<br/>態(tài)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>美國<br/>AA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>屮國GB 新（舊）</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>蝕<br/>性</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>硬釬<br/>焊</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>軟釬<br/>焊</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1050</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1050A(I3)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.5A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>76</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>28</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1060</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1060(L2)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.6A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>69</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>28</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>43</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1100</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1100(L5-1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.1A1-0.12Cu</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>643—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>90</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>34</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>35</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1145</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1145</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.45AU0.3Si</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>75</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>34</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>40</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1199</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>(L03)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.99A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>660—660</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>45</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>10</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>50</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1350</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1350</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.50A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>83</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>28</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>23</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1460</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.2U-3. OCu-0.05Mg-0. IZr-O. ISc</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>440</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>11</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>resi</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2011</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2011</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>5.5Cu-0.4Pb-0.4Bi-0.3Zn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>535(m)—541 — 638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>380</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>295</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>15</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T3</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2014</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A14(LD10)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.4Cu-0.8Si4).8Mn-0.5Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>507—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>185</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>97</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>21</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2017</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2RI1(LY8)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.2Cu-0.6Mg-0.6Mn^).5Si</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>513—641</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>183</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>70</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>22</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>NA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2018</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A90(LD9)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0Cu-2.0Ni-0.8Si-().6Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>507—^38</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2020</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.5Cu-1.5Li-0.5Mn-0.2Cd</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>210</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>145</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>19</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2024</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A12(LY12)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.4Cu-l. 5Mg-0. 6Mn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>502—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>185</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>76</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>20</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2036</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.6Cu-0.45Mg-0.25Mn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>510(m)—554— 649</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>340</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>195</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T4</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2090</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.7Cu-2.2Li-0.12Zr-0.25Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>560-650</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>213</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>193</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>11</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2091</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2. lCu-2.0U-1.0Mg-0. lOZr</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>560—670</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>-</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2117</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A01(LY1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.6Cu-0.8Si-0.3Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>555—650</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>160</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>60</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2124</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>502—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>490</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>440</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>9.4</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T851</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2218</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0Cu-2.0Ni-1.5Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>504(m)—532— 635</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>405</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>305</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>13</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T61</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2219</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2B16<br/>(LY16-1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0. 18Zr-0. 10V-0.06Ti</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>543—M3</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>170</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>76</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>18</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2618</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A70(LD7)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2. 3Cu-l. 6Mg-l. IFe-l. 0Ni-0. 18Si- 0.07Ti</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>502(m)—549— 638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>440</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>370</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>10</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T61</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3003</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3003</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1.2Mn-0.12Cu</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>643-HS54</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>110</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>42</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>30</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3004</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3004</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1.2Mn-1.0Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>629—654</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>180</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>69</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>20</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3005</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3005</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1.3Mn-0.6Si-0.4Mg-0.3Cu</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>130</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>45</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>10</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3010</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.5Mn-0.2Cr</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3105</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3105</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.55Mn-0.50Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>638—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>115</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>55</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4002</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0Si-1.1Cd-0. lMg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>575—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>NA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/uploads/allimg/20220305/1-220305162I5J1.jpg"/></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>表2-3中所列的固相線溫度是釬焊操作不可逾 越的界限，否則合金將產(chǎn)生過燒。事實(shí)上由于合金 牌號和廠家產(chǎn)品的不均一性，釬焊溫度總得比固相 線最少低以保安全。但表中的合金鑄態(tài) 出現(xiàn)共晶溫度（e),經(jīng)均化固溶處理后的初熔溫 度（m)相對較高，因此實(shí)際釬焊時(shí)的溫度可以高 于（e)，但決+能逼近（m>。此外，經(jīng)常還要考 慮工件的力學(xué)性能，因此釘焊溫度的選擇還要參考 合金的熱處理規(guī)范。鋁合金的熱學(xué)性質(zhì)一般比較接 近，知道大概數(shù)值即可而不需細(xì)列。例如鋁合金的 比熱容都在0.9丨/(8.<0(20弋）左右；線脹系數(shù) 在23 X 10 6弋1 (20 ~ 100^)左右，它們比純 Cul7.4xlO-6lC-\ H62 黃銅 SOJxlOdT』-1、純 Nil6. 7 x 10_6<€ 、鋼 12. 6 x 都較大；鋁合金的熱導(dǎo)率為1.25 ~2.5W/(cm . t)。鋁及絕 大多數(shù)鋁合金的密度均在（2_7 ±0. l)g/cm3之間， 其中含重金屬（Cu、Zn等）和輕金屬（Mg等） 的量不同而密度微有起伏。少數(shù)Al-Li-Mg合金的相 對密度有小到2.5^/cm3左右的。純招的電導(dǎo)率與退 火銅比約為后者的60% (稱比電導(dǎo)率），通常的鋁 合金均約50%左右。含Mg量較高的鋁合金的比電 導(dǎo)率則較低，例如，5A02 (LF2)、5A05 (I.F5)等防銹鋁系列，但其比電導(dǎo)率也不低于30%。這與 黃銅（H62 ) 27%、純Ni24%、低碳鋼14%和比， 則仍屬高電導(dǎo)率。鋁合金的力學(xué)性能則有較大的變 化，表2-3所列盡量選取了退火的軟化態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)，以 便為釬焊后可能出現(xiàn)的最差狀態(tài)作參考。</p></li><li><p>中國新編號的變形鋁合金，除部分沿用AA的 編號和合金成分以外，多數(shù)和AA都對不上，這從 表2-3中就可以看得出來。由于新老編號的交替， 特別是老的編號還未能完令退出人們的思緒，有一 張新老編號對照以及相應(yīng)成分的說明還是很有必要 的。表24列出了相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)。因?yàn)镚B牌號的變 形鋁合金缺乏和軒焊有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)，必要時(shí)讀者可以 根據(jù)表24屮GB和表2-3中AA主要成分相近的合 金進(jìn)行釬焊性能的判斷。</p></li><li><p>鑄造培合金因?yàn)榫Я１容^粗大，結(jié)構(gòu)也比較疏 松，和變形鋁材相比軒焊效果都較差。特別是含Si 或含Mg量較髙的鑄鋁合金更是難于被熔態(tài)的釬料 潤濕。只有少數(shù)幾個(gè)牌號的鑄鋁合金必要時(shí)可以考 慮進(jìn)行釬焊。如 ZL201 (Al(：?5Mn)和 ZL203 ( A1- Cu4)針焊效果較好，其次可以考慮的還侖ZL105 (AlSi5CulMg)。有關(guān)參數(shù)見表2-3末尾的4個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)。</p></li></ul></div><p><br/></p>
